pugixml 0.9 manual | Overview | Installation | Document: Object model · Loading · Accessing · Modifying · Saving | XPath | API Reference | Table of Contents
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Saving document

Saving document to a file
Saving document to C++ IOstreams
Saving document via writer interface
Saving a single subtree
Output options
Encodings

Often after creating a new document or loading the existing one and processing it, it is necessary to save the result back to file. Also it is occasionally useful to output the whole document or a subtree to some stream; use cases include debug printing, serialization via network or other text-oriented medium, etc. pugixml provides several functions to output any subtree of the document to a file, stream or another generic transport interface; these functions allow to customize the output format (see Output options), and also perform necessary encoding conversions (see Encodings). This section documents the relevant functionality.

The node/attribute data is written to the destination properly formatted according to the node type; all special XML symbols, such as < and &, are properly escaped. In order to guard against forgotten node/attribute names, empty node/attribute names are printed as ":anonymous". For proper output, make sure all node and attribute names are set to meaningful values.

CDATA sections with values that contain "]]>" are split into several sections as follows: section with value "pre]]>post" is written as <![CDATA[pre]]]]><![CDATA[>post]]>. While this alters the structure of the document (if you load the document after saving it, there will be two CDATA sections instead of one), this is the only way to escape CDATA contents.

If you want to save the whole document to a file, you can use one of the following functions:

bool xml_document::save_file(const char* path, const char_t* indent = "\t", unsigned int flags = format_default, xml_encoding encoding = encoding_auto) const;
bool xml_document::save_file(const wchar_t* path, const char_t* indent = "\t", unsigned int flags = format_default, xml_encoding encoding = encoding_auto) const;

These functions accept file path as its first argument, and also three optional arguments, which specify indentation and other output options (see Output options) and output data encoding (see Encodings). The path has the target operating system format, so it can be a relative or absolute one, it should have the delimiters of target system, it should have the exact case if target file system is case-sensitive, etc.

File path is passed to system file opening function as is in case of the first function (which accepts const char* path); the second function either uses a special file opening function if it is provided by the runtime library or converts the path to UTF-8 and uses the system file opening function.

save_file opens the target file for writing, outputs the requested header (by default a document declaration is output, unless the document already has one), and then saves the document contents. If the file could not be opened, the function returns false. Calling save_file is equivalent to creating an xml_writer_file object with FILE* handle as the only constructor argument and then calling save; see Saving document via writer interface for writer interface details.

This is a simple example of saving XML document to file (samples/save_file.cpp):

// save document to file
std::cout << "Saving result: " << doc.save_file("save_file_output.xml") << std::endl;

For additional interoperability pugixml provides functions for saving document to any object which implements C++ std::ostream interface. This allows you to save documents to any standard C++ stream (i.e. file stream) or any third-party compliant implementation (i.e. Boost Iostreams). Most notably, this allows for easy debug output, since you can use std::cout stream as saving target. There are two functions, one works with narrow character streams, another handles wide character ones:

void xml_document::save(std::ostream& stream, const char_t* indent = "\t", unsigned int flags = format_default, xml_encoding encoding = encoding_auto) const;
void xml_document::save(std::wostream& stream, const char_t* indent = "\t", unsigned int flags = format_default) const;

save with std::ostream argument saves the document to the stream in the same way as save_file (i.e. with requested header and with encoding conversions). On the other hand, save with std::wstream argument saves the document to the wide stream with encoding_wchar encoding. Because of this, using save with wide character streams requires careful (usually platform-specific) stream setup (i.e. using the imbue function). Generally use of wide streams is discouraged, however it provides you with the ability to save documents to non-Unicode encodings, i.e. you can save Shift-JIS encoded data if you set the correct locale.

Calling save with stream target is equivalent to creating an xml_writer_stream object with stream as the only constructor argument and then calling save; see Saving document via writer interface for writer interface details.

This is a simple example of saving XML document to standard output (samples/save_stream.cpp):

// save document to standard output
std::cout << "Document:\n";
doc.save(std::cout);

All of the above saving functions are implemented in terms of writer interface. This is a simple interface with a single function, which is called several times during output process with chunks of document data as input:

class xml_writer
{
public:
    virtual void write(const void* data, size_t size) = 0;
};

void xml_document::save(xml_writer& writer, const char_t* indent = "\t", unsigned int flags = format_default, xml_encoding encoding = encoding_auto) const;

In order to output the document via some custom transport, for example sockets, you should create an object which implements xml_writer_file interface and pass it to save function. xml_writer_file::write function is called with a buffer as an input, where data points to buffer start, and size is equal to the buffer size in bytes. write implementation must write the buffer to the transport; it can not save the passed buffer pointer, as the buffer contents will change after write returns. The buffer contains the chunk of document data in the desired encoding.

write function is called with relatively large blocks (size is usually several kilobytes, except for the first block with BOM, which is output only if format_write_bom is set, and last block, which may be small), so there is often no need for additional buffering in the implementation.

This is a simple example of custom writer for saving document data to STL string (samples/save_custom_writer.cpp); read the sample code for more complex examples:

struct xml_string_writer: pugi::xml_writer
{
    std::string result;

    virtual void write(const void* data, size_t size)
    {
        result += std::string(static_cast<const char*>(data), size);
    }
};

While the previously described functions saved the whole document to the destination, it is easy to save a single subtree. The following functions are provided:

void xml_node::print(std::ostream& os, const char_t* indent = "\t", unsigned int flags = format_default, xml_encoding encoding = encoding_auto, unsigned int depth = 0) const;
void xml_node::print(std::wostream& os, const char_t* indent = "\t", unsigned int flags = format_default, unsigned int depth = 0) const;
void xml_node::print(xml_writer& writer, const char_t* indent = "\t", unsigned int flags = format_default, xml_encoding encoding = encoding_auto, unsigned int depth = 0) const;

These functions have the same arguments with the same meaning as the corresponding xml_document::save functions, and allow you to save the subtree to either a C++ IOstream or to any object that implements xml_writer interface.

Saving a subtree differs from saving the whole document: the process behaves as if format_write_bom is off, and format_no_declaration is on, even if actual values of the flags are different. This means that BOM is not written to the destination, and document declaration is only written if it is the node itself or is one of node's children. Note that this also holds if you're saving a document; this example (samples/save_subtree.cpp) illustrates the difference:

// get a test document
pugi::xml_document doc;
doc.load("<foo bar='baz'><call>hey</call></foo>");

// print document to standard output (prints <?xml version="1.0"?><foo bar="baz"><call>hey</call></foo>)
doc.save(std::cout, "", pugi::format_raw);
std::cout << std::endl;

// print document to standard output as a regular node (prints <foo bar="baz"><call>hey</call></foo>)
doc.print(std::cout, "", pugi::format_raw);
std::cout << std::endl;

// print a subtree to standard output (prints <call>hey</call>)
doc.child("foo").child("call").print(std::cout, "", pugi::format_raw);
std::cout << std::endl;

All saving functions accept the optional parameter flags. This is a bitmask that customizes the output format; you can select the way the document nodes are printed and select the needed additional information that is output before the document contents.

[Note] Note

You should use the usual bitwise arithmetics to manipulate the bitmask: to enable a flag, use mask | flag; to disable a flag, use mask & ~flag.

These flags control the resulting tree contents:

  • format_indent determines if all nodes should be indented with the indentation string (this is an additional parameter for all saving functions, and is "\t" by default). If this flag is on, before every node the indentation string is output several times, where the amount of indentation depends on the node's depth relative to the output subtree. This flag has no effect if format_raw is enabled. This flag is on by default.

  • format_raw switches between formatted and raw output. If this flag is on, the nodes are not indented in any way, and also no newlines that are not part of document text are printed. Raw mode can be used for serialization where the result is not intended to be read by humans; also it can be useful if the document was parsed with parse_ws_pcdata flag, to preserve the original document formatting as much as possible. This flag is off by default.

These flags control the additional output information:

  • format_no_declaration allows to disable default node declaration output. By default, if the document is saved via save or save_file function, and it does not have any document declaration, a default declaration is output before the document contents. Enabling this flag disables this declaration. This flag has no effect in xml_node::print functions: they never output the default declaration. This flag is off by default.

  • format_write_bom allows to enable Byte Order Mark (BOM) output. By default, no BOM is output, so in case of non UTF-8 encodings the resulting document's encoding may not be recognized by some parsers and text editors, if they do not implement sophisticated encoding detection. Enabling this flag adds an encoding-specific BOM to the output. This flag has no effect in xml_node::print functions: they never output the BOM. This flag is off by default.

Additionally, there is one predefined option mask:

  • format_default is the default set of flags, i.e. it has all options set to their default values. It sets formatted output with indentation, without BOM and with default node declaration, if necessary.

This is an example that shows the outputs of different output options (samples/save_options.cpp):

// get a test document
pugi::xml_document doc;
doc.load("<foo bar='baz'><call>hey</call></foo>");

// default options; prints
// <?xml version="1.0"?>
// <foo bar="baz">
//         <call>hey</call>
// </foo>
doc.save(std::cout);
std::cout << std::endl;

// default options with custom indentation string; prints
// <?xml version="1.0"?>
// <foo bar="baz">
// --<call>hey</call>
// </foo>
doc.save(std::cout, "--");
std::cout << std::endl;

// default options without indentation; prints
// <?xml version="1.0"?>
// <foo bar="baz">
// <call>hey</call>
// </foo>
doc.save(std::cout, "\t", pugi::format_default & ~pugi::format_indent); // can also pass "" instead of indentation string for the same effect
std::cout << std::endl;

// raw output; prints
// <?xml version="1.0"?><foo bar="baz"><call>hey</call></foo>
doc.save(std::cout, "\t", pugi::format_raw);
std::cout << std::endl << std::endl;

// raw output without declaration; prints
// <foo bar="baz"><call>hey</call></foo>
doc.save(std::cout, "\t", pugi::format_raw | pugi::format_no_declaration);
std::cout << std::endl;

pugixml supports all popular Unicode encodings (UTF-8, UTF-16 (big and little endian), UTF-32 (big and little endian); UCS-2 is naturally supported since it's a strict subset of UTF-16) and handles all encoding conversions during output. The output encoding is set via the encoding parameter of saving functions, which is of type xml_encoding. The possible values for the encoding are documented in Encodings; the only flag that has a different meaning is encoding_auto.

While all other flags set the exact encoding, encoding_auto is meant for automatic encoding detection. The automatic detection does not make sense for output encoding, since there is usually nothing to infer the actual encoding from, so here encoding_auto means UTF-8 encoding, which is the most popular encoding for XML data storage. This is also the default value of output encoding; specify another value if you do not want UTF-8 encoded output.

Also note that wide stream saving functions do not have encoding argument and always assume encoding_wchar encoding.

[Note] Note

The current behavior for Unicode conversion is to skip all invalid UTF sequences during conversion. This behavior should not be relied upon; if your node/attribute names do not contain any valid UTF sequences, they may be output as if they are empty, which will result in malformed XML document.


pugixml 0.9 manual | Overview | Installation | Document: Object model · Loading · Accessing · Modifying · Saving | XPath | API Reference | Table of Contents
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