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authorarseny.kapoulkine <arseny.kapoulkine@99668b35-9821-0410-8761-19e4c4f06640>2009-11-10 09:26:40 +0000
committerarseny.kapoulkine <arseny.kapoulkine@99668b35-9821-0410-8761-19e4c4f06640>2009-11-10 09:26:40 +0000
commit8a2b1b6e7a38718c63a5f50945b5f63bc02aed50 (patch)
tree675ff3fdad37c218ddb42bc123c849d5e45215f5
parentbd2c777ac2238bdef8f5359550d3a69338e9aa4b (diff)
Parsing optimization: removed some redundant checks, reordered branches by probability, extracted two unlikely code paths in separate functions, node construction tuning
git-svn-id: http://pugixml.googlecode.com/svn/trunk@235 99668b35-9821-0410-8761-19e4c4f06640
-rw-r--r--src/pugixml.cpp539
1 files changed, 286 insertions, 253 deletions
diff --git a/src/pugixml.cpp b/src/pugixml.cpp
index af3a81b..7114747 100644
--- a/src/pugixml.cpp
+++ b/src/pugixml.cpp
@@ -108,28 +108,28 @@ namespace pugi
struct xml_attribute_struct
{
/// Default ctor
- xml_attribute_struct(): name_insitu(true), value_insitu(true), document_order(0), name(0), value(0), prev_attribute(0), next_attribute(0)
+ xml_attribute_struct(): document_order(0), name_allocated(false), value_allocated(false), name(0), value(0), prev_attribute(0), next_attribute(0)
{
}
void destroy()
{
- if (!name_insitu)
+ if (name_allocated)
{
global_deallocate(name);
name = 0;
}
- if (!value_insitu)
+ if (value_allocated)
{
global_deallocate(value);
value = 0;
}
}
- bool name_insitu : 1;
- bool value_insitu : 1;
unsigned int document_order : 30; ///< Document order value
+ unsigned int name_allocated : 1;
+ unsigned int value_allocated : 1;
char* name; ///< Pointer to attribute name.
char* value; ///< Pointer to attribute value.
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ namespace pugi
{
/// Default ctor
/// \param type - node type
- xml_node_struct(xml_node_type type = node_element): type(type), name_insitu(true), value_insitu(true), document_order(0), parent(0), name(0), value(0), first_child(0), last_child(0), prev_sibling(0), next_sibling(0), first_attribute(0), last_attribute(0)
+ xml_node_struct(xml_node_type type = node_element): name_allocated(false), value_allocated(false), document_order(0), type(type), parent(0), name(0), value(0), first_child(0), last_child(0), prev_sibling(0), next_sibling(0), first_attribute(0), last_attribute(0)
{
}
@@ -151,13 +151,13 @@ namespace pugi
{
parent = 0;
- if (!name_insitu)
+ if (name_allocated)
{
global_deallocate(name);
name = 0;
}
- if (!value_insitu)
+ if (value_allocated)
{
global_deallocate(value);
value = 0;
@@ -201,10 +201,10 @@ namespace pugi
return a;
}
- unsigned int type : 3; ///< Node type; see xml_node_type.
- bool name_insitu : 1;
- bool value_insitu : 1;
+ unsigned int name_allocated : 1;
+ unsigned int value_allocated : 1;
unsigned int document_order : 27; ///< Document order value
+ unsigned int type : 3; ///< Node type; see xml_node_type.
xml_node_struct* parent; ///< Pointer to parent
@@ -294,7 +294,7 @@ namespace
return !!(chartype_table[static_cast<unsigned char>(c)] & ct);
}
- bool strcpy_insitu(char*& dest, bool& insitu, const char* source)
+ bool strcpy_insitu(char*& dest, bool& allocated, const char* source)
{
size_t source_size = strlen(source);
@@ -311,10 +311,10 @@ namespace
strcpy(buf, source);
- if (!insitu) global_deallocate(dest);
+ if (allocated) global_deallocate(dest);
dest = buf;
- insitu = false;
+ allocated = true;
return true;
}
@@ -681,11 +681,11 @@ namespace
template <typename opt2> char* strconv_pcdata_t(char* s, opt2)
{
+ assert(*s);
+
const bool opt_eol = opt2::o1;
const bool opt_escape = opt2::o2;
- if (!*s) return 0;
-
gap g;
while (true)
@@ -865,265 +865,289 @@ namespace
xml_parser(xml_allocator& alloc): alloc(alloc)
{
}
-
- xml_parse_result parse(char* s, xml_node_struct* xmldoc, unsigned int optmsk = parse_default)
+
+ xml_parse_result parse_exclamation(char*& ref_s, xml_node_struct* cursor, unsigned int optmsk, char* buffer_start)
{
- if (!s || !xmldoc) return MAKE_PARSE_RESULT(status_internal_error);
+ // load into registers
+ char* s = ref_s;
+ char ch = 0;
- char* buffer_start = s;
+ // parse node contents, starting with exclamation mark
+ ++s;
- // UTF-8 BOM
- if ((unsigned char)*s == 0xEF && (unsigned char)*(s+1) == 0xBB && (unsigned char)*(s+2) == 0xBF)
- s += 3;
-
- char ch = 0;
- xml_node_struct* cursor = xmldoc;
- char* mark = s;
+ if (*s == '-') // '<!-...'
+ {
+ ++s;
- while (*s != 0)
+ if (*s == '-') // '<!--...'
+ {
+ ++s;
+
+ if (OPTSET(parse_comments))
+ {
+ PUSHNODE(node_comment); // Append a new node on the tree.
+ cursor->value = s; // Save the offset.
+ }
+
+ if (OPTSET(parse_eol) && OPTSET(parse_comments))
+ {
+ s = strconv_comment(s);
+
+ if (!s) return ERROR(status_bad_comment, cursor->value);
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ // Scan for terminating '-->'.
+ SCANFOR(*s == '-' && *(s+1) == '-' && *(s+2) == '>');
+ CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_comment, s);
+
+ if (OPTSET(parse_comments))
+ *s = 0; // Zero-terminate this segment at the first terminating '-'.
+
+ s += 3; // Step over the '\0->'.
+ }
+
+ if (OPTSET(parse_comments))
+ {
+ POPNODE(); // Pop since this is a standalone.
+ }
+ }
+ else return ERROR(status_bad_comment, s);
+ }
+ else if (*s == '[')
{
- if (*s == '<')
+ // '<![CDATA[...'
+ if (*++s=='C' && *++s=='D' && *++s=='A' && *++s=='T' && *++s=='A' && *++s == '[')
{
++s;
- LOC_TAG:
- if (*s == '?') // '<?...'
+ if (OPTSET(parse_cdata))
{
- ++s;
+ PUSHNODE(node_cdata); // Append a new node on the tree.
+ cursor->value = s; // Save the offset.
- if (!is_chartype(*s, ct_start_symbol)) // bad PI
- return ERROR(status_bad_pi, s);
- else if (OPTSET(parse_pi) || OPTSET(parse_declaration))
+ if (OPTSET(parse_eol))
{
- mark = s;
- SCANWHILE(is_chartype(*s, ct_symbol)); // Read PI target
- CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_pi, s);
+ s = strconv_cdata(s);
- if (!is_chartype(*s, ct_space) && *s != '?') // Target has to end with space or ?
- return ERROR(status_bad_pi, s);
+ if (!s) return ERROR(status_bad_cdata, cursor->value);
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ // Scan for terminating ']]>'.
+ SCANFOR(*s == ']' && *(s+1) == ']' && *(s+2) == '>');
+ CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_cdata, s);
- ENDSEG();
- CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_pi, s);
+ ENDSEG(); // Zero-terminate this segment.
+ CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_cdata, s);
+ }
- if (ch == '?') // nothing except target present
- {
- if (*s != '>') return ERROR(status_bad_pi, s);
- ++s;
+ POPNODE(); // Pop since this is a standalone.
+ }
+ else // Flagged for discard, but we still have to scan for the terminator.
+ {
+ // Scan for terminating ']]>'.
+ SCANFOR(*s == ']' && *(s+1) == ']' && *(s+2) == '>');
+ CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_cdata, s);
- // stricmp / strcasecmp is not portable
- if ((mark[0] == 'x' || mark[0] == 'X') && (mark[1] == 'm' || mark[1] == 'M')
- && (mark[2] == 'l' || mark[2] == 'L') && mark[3] == 0)
- {
- if (OPTSET(parse_declaration))
- {
- PUSHNODE(node_declaration);
+ ++s;
+ }
- cursor->name = mark;
+ s += 2; // Step over the last ']>'.
+ }
+ else return ERROR(status_bad_cdata, s);
+ }
+ else if (*s=='D' && *++s=='O' && *++s=='C' && *++s=='T' && *++s=='Y' && *++s=='P' && *++s=='E')
+ {
+ ++s;
- POPNODE();
- }
- }
- else if (OPTSET(parse_pi))
- {
- PUSHNODE(node_pi); // Append a new node on the tree.
+ SKIPWS(); // Eat any whitespace.
+ CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_doctype, s);
- cursor->name = mark;
+ LOC_DOCTYPE:
+ SCANFOR(*s == '\'' || *s == '"' || *s == '[' || *s == '>');
+ CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_doctype, s);
- POPNODE();
- }
- }
- // stricmp / strcasecmp is not portable
- else if ((mark[0] == 'x' || mark[0] == 'X') && (mark[1] == 'm' || mark[1] == 'M')
- && (mark[2] == 'l' || mark[2] == 'L') && mark[3] == 0)
- {
- if (OPTSET(parse_declaration))
- {
- PUSHNODE(node_declaration);
+ if (*s == '\'' || *s == '"') // '...SYSTEM "..."
+ {
+ ch = *s++;
+ SCANFOR(*s == ch);
+ CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_doctype, s);
- cursor->name = mark;
+ ++s;
+ goto LOC_DOCTYPE;
+ }
- // scan for tag end
- mark = s;
+ if(*s == '[') // '...[...'
+ {
+ ++s;
+ unsigned int bd = 1; // Bracket depth counter.
+ while (*s!=0) // Loop till we're out of all brackets.
+ {
+ if (*s == ']') --bd;
+ else if (*s == '[') ++bd;
+ if (bd == 0) break;
+ ++s;
+ }
+ }
- SCANFOR(*s == '?' && *(s+1) == '>'); // Look for '?>'.
- CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_pi, s);
+ SCANFOR(*s == '>');
+ CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_doctype, s);
- // replace ending ? with / to terminate properly
- *s = '/';
+ ++s;
+ }
+ else return ERROR(status_unrecognized_tag, s);
- // parse attributes
- s = mark;
+ // store from registers
+ ref_s = s;
- goto LOC_ATTRIBUTES;
- }
- }
- else
- {
- if (OPTSET(parse_pi))
- {
- PUSHNODE(node_pi); // Append a new node on the tree.
+ return ERROR(status_ok, s);
+ }
- cursor->name = mark;
- }
+ xml_parse_result parse_question(char*& ref_s, xml_node_struct*& ref_cursor, unsigned int optmsk, char* buffer_start)
+ {
+ // load into registers
+ char* s = ref_s;
+ xml_node_struct* cursor = ref_cursor;
+ char ch = 0;
- // ch is a whitespace character, skip whitespaces
- SKIPWS();
- CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_pi, s);
-
- mark = s;
+ // parse node contents, starting with question mark
+ ++s;
- SCANFOR(*s == '?' && *(s+1) == '>'); // Look for '?>'.
- CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_pi, s);
+ if (!is_chartype(*s, ct_start_symbol)) // bad PI
+ return ERROR(status_bad_pi, s);
+ else if (OPTSET(parse_pi) || OPTSET(parse_declaration))
+ {
+ char* mark = s;
+ SCANWHILE(is_chartype(*s, ct_symbol)); // Read PI target
+ CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_pi, s);
- ENDSEG();
- CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_pi, s);
+ if (!is_chartype(*s, ct_space) && *s != '?') // Target has to end with space or ?
+ return ERROR(status_bad_pi, s);
- ++s; // Step over >
+ ENDSEG();
+ CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_pi, s);
- if (OPTSET(parse_pi))
- {
- cursor->value = mark;
+ if (ch == '?') // nothing except target present
+ {
+ if (*s != '>') return ERROR(status_bad_pi, s);
+ ++s;
- POPNODE();
- }
- }
- }
- else // not parsing PI
+ // stricmp / strcasecmp is not portable
+ if ((mark[0] == 'x' || mark[0] == 'X') && (mark[1] == 'm' || mark[1] == 'M')
+ && (mark[2] == 'l' || mark[2] == 'L') && mark[3] == 0)
+ {
+ if (OPTSET(parse_declaration))
{
- SCANFOR(*s == '?' && *(s+1) == '>'); // Look for '?>'.
- CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_pi, s);
+ PUSHNODE(node_declaration);
+
+ cursor->name = mark;
- s += 2;
+ POPNODE();
}
}
- else if (*s == '!') // '<!...'
+ else if (OPTSET(parse_pi))
{
- ++s;
+ PUSHNODE(node_pi); // Append a new node on the tree.
- if (*s == '-') // '<!-...'
- {
- ++s;
+ cursor->name = mark;
- if (*s == '-') // '<!--...'
- {
- ++s;
-
- if (OPTSET(parse_comments))
- {
- PUSHNODE(node_comment); // Append a new node on the tree.
- cursor->value = s; // Save the offset.
- }
+ POPNODE();
+ }
+ }
+ // stricmp / strcasecmp is not portable
+ else if ((mark[0] == 'x' || mark[0] == 'X') && (mark[1] == 'm' || mark[1] == 'M')
+ && (mark[2] == 'l' || mark[2] == 'L') && mark[3] == 0)
+ {
+ if (OPTSET(parse_declaration))
+ {
+ PUSHNODE(node_declaration);
- if (OPTSET(parse_eol) && OPTSET(parse_comments))
- {
- s = strconv_comment(s);
-
- if (!s) return ERROR(status_bad_comment, cursor->value);
- }
- else
- {
- // Scan for terminating '-->'.
- SCANFOR(*s == '-' && *(s+1) == '-' && *(s+2) == '>');
- CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_comment, s);
-
- if (OPTSET(parse_comments))
- *s = 0; // Zero-terminate this segment at the first terminating '-'.
-
- s += 3; // Step over the '\0->'.
- }
-
- if (OPTSET(parse_comments))
- {
- POPNODE(); // Pop since this is a standalone.
- }
- }
- else return ERROR(status_bad_comment, s);
- }
- else if (*s == '[')
- {
- // '<![CDATA[...'
- if (*++s=='C' && *++s=='D' && *++s=='A' && *++s=='T' && *++s=='A' && *++s == '[')
- {
- ++s;
-
- if (OPTSET(parse_cdata))
- {
- PUSHNODE(node_cdata); // Append a new node on the tree.
- cursor->value = s; // Save the offset.
+ cursor->name = mark;
- if (OPTSET(parse_eol))
- {
- s = strconv_cdata(s);
-
- if (!s) return ERROR(status_bad_cdata, cursor->value);
- }
- else
- {
- // Scan for terminating ']]>'.
- SCANFOR(*s == ']' && *(s+1) == ']' && *(s+2) == '>');
- CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_cdata, s);
+ // scan for tag end
+ mark = s;
- ENDSEG(); // Zero-terminate this segment.
- CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_cdata, s);
- }
+ SCANFOR(*s == '?' && *(s+1) == '>'); // Look for '?>'.
+ CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_pi, s);
- POPNODE(); // Pop since this is a standalone.
- }
- else // Flagged for discard, but we still have to scan for the terminator.
- {
- // Scan for terminating ']]>'.
- SCANFOR(*s == ']' && *(s+1) == ']' && *(s+2) == '>');
- CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_cdata, s);
+ // replace ending ? with / to terminate properly
+ *s = '/';
- ++s;
- }
+ // parse attributes
+ s = mark;
- s += 2; // Step over the last ']>'.
- }
- else return ERROR(status_bad_cdata, s);
- }
- else if (*s=='D' && *++s=='O' && *++s=='C' && *++s=='T' && *++s=='Y' && *++s=='P' && *++s=='E')
- {
- ++s;
+ // we exit from this function with cursor at node_declaration, which is a signal to parse() to go to LOC_ATTRIBUTES
+ }
+ }
+ else
+ {
+ if (OPTSET(parse_pi))
+ {
+ PUSHNODE(node_pi); // Append a new node on the tree.
- SKIPWS(); // Eat any whitespace.
- CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_doctype, s);
+ cursor->name = mark;
+ }
- LOC_DOCTYPE:
- SCANFOR(*s == '\'' || *s == '"' || *s == '[' || *s == '>');
- CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_doctype, s);
+ // ch is a whitespace character, skip whitespaces
+ SKIPWS();
+ CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_pi, s);
- if (*s == '\'' || *s == '"') // '...SYSTEM "..."
- {
- ch = *s++;
- SCANFOR(*s == ch);
- CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_doctype, s);
+ mark = s;
- ++s;
- goto LOC_DOCTYPE;
- }
+ SCANFOR(*s == '?' && *(s+1) == '>'); // Look for '?>'.
+ CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_pi, s);
- if(*s == '[') // '...[...'
- {
- ++s;
- unsigned int bd = 1; // Bracket depth counter.
- while (*s!=0) // Loop till we're out of all brackets.
- {
- if (*s == ']') --bd;
- else if (*s == '[') ++bd;
- if (bd == 0) break;
- ++s;
- }
- }
-
- SCANFOR(*s == '>');
- CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_doctype, s);
+ ENDSEG();
+ CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_pi, s);
- ++s;
- }
- else return ERROR(status_unrecognized_tag, s);
+ ++s; // Step over >
+
+ if (OPTSET(parse_pi))
+ {
+ cursor->value = mark;
+
+ POPNODE();
}
- else if (is_chartype(*s, ct_start_symbol)) // '<#...'
+ }
+ }
+ else // not parsing PI
+ {
+ SCANFOR(*s == '?' && *(s+1) == '>'); // Look for '?>'.
+ CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_pi, s);
+
+ s += 2;
+ }
+
+ // store from registers
+ ref_s = s;
+ ref_cursor = cursor;
+
+ return ERROR(status_ok, s);
+ }
+
+ xml_parse_result parse(char* s, xml_node_struct* xmldoc, unsigned int optmsk = parse_default)
+ {
+ if (!s || !xmldoc) return MAKE_PARSE_RESULT(status_internal_error);
+
+ char* buffer_start = s;
+
+ // UTF-8 BOM
+ if ((unsigned char)*s == 0xEF && (unsigned char)*(s+1) == 0xBB && (unsigned char)*(s+2) == 0xBF)
+ s += 3;
+
+ char ch = 0;
+ xml_node_struct* cursor = xmldoc;
+ char* mark = s;
+
+ while (*s != 0)
+ {
+ if (*s == '<')
+ {
+ ++s;
+
+ LOC_TAG:
+ if (is_chartype(*s, ct_start_symbol)) // '<#...'
{
PUSHNODE(node_element); // Append a new node to the tree.
@@ -1133,17 +1157,8 @@ namespace
CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_start_element, s);
ENDSEG(); // Save char in 'ch', terminate & step over.
- CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_start_element, s);
- if (ch == '/') // '<#.../'
- {
- if (*s != '>') return ERROR(status_bad_start_element, s);
-
- POPNODE(); // Pop.
-
- ++s;
- }
- else if (ch == '>')
+ if (ch == '>')
{
// end of tag
}
@@ -1153,7 +1168,6 @@ namespace
while (true)
{
SKIPWS(); // Eat any whitespace.
- CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_start_element, s);
if (is_chartype(*s, ct_start_symbol)) // <... #...
{
@@ -1178,9 +1192,8 @@ namespace
if (ch == '=') // '<... #=...'
{
SKIPWS(); // Eat any whitespace.
- CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_attribute, s);
- if (*s == '\'' || *s == '"') // '<... #="...'
+ if (*s == '"' || *s == '\'') // '<... #="...'
{
ch = *s; // Save quote char to avoid breaking on "''" -or- '""'.
++s; // Step over the quote.
@@ -1194,8 +1207,6 @@ namespace
// Whitespaces, / and > are ok, symbols and EOF are wrong,
// everything else will be detected
if (is_chartype(*s, ct_start_symbol)) return ERROR(status_bad_attribute, s);
-
- CHECK_ERROR(status_bad_start_element, s);
}
else return ERROR(status_bad_attribute, s);
}
@@ -1224,6 +1235,14 @@ namespace
// !!!
}
+ else if (ch == '/') // '<#.../'
+ {
+ if (*s != '>') return ERROR(status_bad_start_element, s);
+
+ POPNODE(); // Pop.
+
+ ++s;
+ }
else return ERROR(status_bad_start_element, s);
}
else if (*s == '/')
@@ -1235,7 +1254,7 @@ namespace
char* name = cursor->name;
if (!name) return ERROR(status_end_element_mismatch, s);
- while (*s && is_chartype(*s, ct_symbol))
+ while (is_chartype(*s, ct_symbol))
{
if (*s++ != *name++) return ERROR(status_end_element_mismatch, s);
}
@@ -1250,6 +1269,20 @@ namespace
if (*s != '>') return ERROR(status_bad_end_element, s);
++s;
}
+ else if (*s == '?') // '<?...'
+ {
+ xml_parse_result quest_result = parse_question(s, cursor, optmsk, buffer_start);
+
+ if (!quest_result) return quest_result;
+
+ if (cursor && cursor->type == node_declaration) goto LOC_ATTRIBUTES;
+ }
+ else if (*s == '!') // '<!...'
+ {
+ xml_parse_result excl_result = parse_exclamation(s, cursor, optmsk, buffer_start);
+
+ if (!excl_result) return excl_result;
+ }
else return ERROR(status_unrecognized_tag, s);
}
else
@@ -1904,9 +1937,9 @@ namespace pugi
{
if (!_attr) return false;
- bool insitu = _attr->name_insitu;
- bool res = strcpy_insitu(_attr->name, insitu, rhs);
- _attr->name_insitu = insitu;
+ bool allocated = _attr->name_allocated;
+ bool res = strcpy_insitu(_attr->name, allocated, rhs);
+ _attr->name_allocated = allocated;
return res;
}
@@ -1915,9 +1948,9 @@ namespace pugi
{
if (!_attr) return false;
- bool insitu = _attr->value_insitu;
- bool res = strcpy_insitu(_attr->value, insitu, rhs);
- _attr->value_insitu = insitu;
+ bool allocated = _attr->value_allocated;
+ bool res = strcpy_insitu(_attr->value, allocated, rhs);
+ _attr->value_allocated = allocated;
return res;
}
@@ -2221,9 +2254,9 @@ namespace pugi
case node_declaration:
case node_element:
{
- bool insitu = _root->name_insitu;
- bool res = strcpy_insitu(_root->name, insitu, rhs);
- _root->name_insitu = insitu;
+ bool allocated = _root->name_allocated;
+ bool res = strcpy_insitu(_root->name, allocated, rhs);
+ _root->name_allocated = allocated;
return res;
}
@@ -2242,9 +2275,9 @@ namespace pugi
case node_pcdata:
case node_comment:
{
- bool insitu = _root->value_insitu;
- bool res = strcpy_insitu(_root->value, insitu, rhs);
- _root->value_insitu = insitu;
+ bool allocated = _root->value_allocated;
+ bool res = strcpy_insitu(_root->value, allocated, rhs);
+ _root->value_allocated = allocated;
return res;
}
@@ -2703,12 +2736,12 @@ namespace pugi
case node_element:
case node_declaration:
case node_pi:
- return _root->name_insitu ? static_cast<int>(_root->name - buffer) : -1;
+ return _root->name_allocated ? -1 : static_cast<int>(_root->name - buffer);
case node_pcdata:
case node_cdata:
case node_comment:
- return _root->value_insitu ? static_cast<int>(_root->value - buffer) : -1;
+ return _root->value_allocated ? -1 : static_cast<int>(_root->value - buffer);
default:
return -1;